Vulnerability Scan Result
| Title: | |
| Description: |
| ip_address | 5.56.166.20 |
| country | ES  |
| network_name | Aspa Cloud Sl |
| asn | AS202207 |
21/tcp | ftp | ProFTPD - |
53/tcp | domain | - - |
80/tcp | http | OpenResty web app server 1.29.2.3 |
443/tcp | https | OpenResty web app server 1.29.2.3 |
8443/tcp | https | OpenResty web app server 1.29.2.3 |
| Software / Version | Category |
|---|---|
| Clipboard.js | JavaScript libraries |
| Flickity | JavaScript libraries |
| Font Awesome | Font scripts |
| jQuery Migrate 3.4.1 | JavaScript libraries |
| GTranslate | WordPress plugins, Translation |
| jQuery 3.7.1 | JavaScript libraries |
| MySQL | Databases |
| Nginx | Web servers, Reverse proxies |
| Open Graph | Miscellaneous |
| PHP 8.2.31 | Programming languages |
| Sectigo | SSL/TLS certificate authorities |
| Twitter Emoji (Twemoji) | Font scripts |
| Priority Hints | Performance |
| WordPress 6.8.5 | CMS, Blogs |
| WordPress Block Editor | Page builders |
| Twenty Ten | WordPress themes |
| Lodash 1.13.7 | JavaScript libraries |
| RSS | Miscellaneous |
| Yoast SEO 26.5 | SEO, WordPress plugins |
Web Application Vulnerabilities
Evidence
| URL | Evidence |
|---|---|
| https://centroestudiosmtudela.com/ | Response headers do not include the Referrer-Policy HTTP security header as well as the |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that the target application's server responses lack the Referrer-Policy HTTP header, which controls how much referrer information the browser will send with each request originated from the current web application.
Risk description
The risk is that if a user visits a web page (e.g. "http://example.com/pricing/") and clicks on a link from that page going to e.g. "https://www.google.com", the browser will send to Google the full originating URL in the `Referer` header, assuming the Referrer-Policy header is not set. The originating URL could be considered sensitive information and it could be used for user tracking.
Recommendation
The Referrer-Policy header should be configured on the server side to avoid user tracking and inadvertent information leakage. The value `no-referrer` of this header instructs the browser to omit the Referer header entirely.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-693 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
| URL | Evidence |
|---|---|
| https://centroestudiosmtudela.com/ | Response headers do not include the X-Content-Type-Options HTTP security header |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that the target application's server responses lack the X-Content-Type-Options header. This header is particularly important for preventing Internet Explorer from reinterpreting the content of a web page (MIME-sniffing) and thus overriding the value of the Content-Type header.
Risk description
The risk is that lack of this header could make possible attacks such as Cross-Site Scripting or phishing in Internet Explorer browsers.
Recommendation
We recommend setting the X-Content-Type-Options header such as `X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff`.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-693 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
| Software / Version | Category |
|---|---|
| Clipboard.js | JavaScript libraries |
| Flickity | JavaScript libraries |
| Font Awesome | Font scripts |
| jQuery Migrate 3.4.1 | JavaScript libraries |
| GTranslate | WordPress plugins, Translation |
| jQuery 3.7.1 | JavaScript libraries |
| MySQL | Databases |
| Nginx | Web servers, Reverse proxies |
| Open Graph | Miscellaneous |
| PHP 8.2.31 | Programming languages |
| Sectigo | SSL/TLS certificate authorities |
| Twitter Emoji (Twemoji) | Font scripts |
| Priority Hints | Performance |
| WordPress 6.8.5 | CMS, Blogs |
| WordPress Block Editor | Page builders |
| Twenty Ten | WordPress themes |
| Lodash 1.13.7 | JavaScript libraries |
| RSS | Miscellaneous |
| Yoast SEO 26.5 | SEO, WordPress plugins |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that server software and technology details are exposed, potentially aiding attackers in tailoring specific exploits against identified systems and versions.
Risk description
The risk is that an attacker could use this information to mount specific attacks against the identified software type and version.
Recommendation
We recommend you to eliminate the information which permits the identification of software platform, technology, server and operating system: HTTP server headers, HTML meta information, etc.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-200 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
| URL | Evidence |
|---|---|
| https://centroestudiosmtudela.com/ | Response headers do not include the HTTP Strict-Transport-Security header |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that the target application lacks the HTTP Strict-Transport-Security header in its responses. This security header is crucial as it instructs browsers to only establish secure (HTTPS) connections with the web server and reject any HTTP connections.
Risk description
The risk is that lack of this header permits an attacker to force a victim user to initiate a clear-text HTTP connection to the server, thus opening the possibility to eavesdrop on the network traffic and extract sensitive information (e.g. session cookies).
Recommendation
The Strict-Transport-Security HTTP header should be sent with each HTTPS response. The syntax is as follows: `Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=<seconds>[; includeSubDomains]` The parameter `max-age` gives the time frame for requirement of HTTPS in seconds and should be chosen quite high, e.g. several months. A value below 7776000 is considered as too low by this scanner check. The flag `includeSubDomains` defines that the policy applies also for sub domains of the sender of the response.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-693 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
Vulnerability description
We found the robots.txt on the target server. This file instructs web crawlers what URLs and endpoints of the web application they can visit and crawl. Website administrators often misuse this file while attempting to hide some web pages from the users.
Risk description
There is no particular security risk in having a robots.txt file. However, it's important to note that adding endpoints in it should not be considered a security measure, as this file can be directly accessed and read by anyone.
Recommendation
We recommend you to manually review the entries from robots.txt and remove the ones which lead to sensitive locations in the website (ex. administration panels, configuration files, etc).
Evidence
| URL | Evidence |
|---|---|
| https://centroestudiosmtudela.com/ | Response does not include the HTTP Content-Security-Policy security header or meta tag |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that the target application lacks the Content-Security-Policy (CSP) header in its HTTP responses. The CSP header is a security measure that instructs web browsers to enforce specific security rules, effectively preventing the exploitation of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities.
Risk description
The risk is that if the target application is vulnerable to XSS, lack of this header makes it easily exploitable by attackers.
Recommendation
Configure the Content-Security-Header to be sent with each HTTP response in order to apply the specific policies needed by the application.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-1021 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Vulnerability description
We have noticed that the server is missing the security.txt file, which is considered a good practice for web security. It provides a standardized way for security researchers and the public to report security vulnerabilities or concerns by outlining the preferred method of contact and reporting procedures.
Risk description
There is no particular risk in not having a security.txt file for your server. However, this file is important because it offers a designated channel for reporting vulnerabilities and security issues.
Recommendation
We recommend you to implement the security.txt file according to the standard, in order to allow researchers or users report any security issues they find, improving the defensive mechanisms of your server.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-1188 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Infrastructure Vulnerabilities
Evidence
| DKIM selector | Key type | Key size | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| default | rsa | 1422 | "v=DKIM1; k=rsa; p=MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA1IFrC6myrdpbSX7JSYdVDRl7z7D9fEiTeb8oVXTYzOjBFTWi+3iZUvdhGhaJTe8JUkqXU5AcSeLyyfI7dP6tO7so/F7BhSr8WOthUqtg+Muu4J4Qt9Kc7ysrtyVGze7Ro6W0LRFn86Ytsr+gMqz+Xrhf53NGdhMV2VoOAG00dTQyBw6UgmiO6FjmwpK1QUl6b" "wR1HwfYq4qBwXPcC6/HTvSCgNn/GwvspIS+12rTDeCQRAHdpnL+QmJhhnj2Pykkjv+2XneD76qTaqF1TukdgW2YEraZo4ySLnr9zc/K2a+ndfi8zii3wRbzF/mXQXIsaRe+CAiBtv6aufEXhqguOQIDAQAB;" |
Vulnerability description
We found that the DKIM record uses common selectors. The use of common DKIM selectors such as default, test, dkim, or mail may indicate a lack of proper customization or key management. Attackers often target domains using such selectors because they suggest that the domain is relying on default configurations, which could be less secure and easier to exploit. This can increase the risk of DKIM key exposure or misuse.
Risk description
Using a common DKIM selector makes it easier for attackers to predict and exploit email authentication weaknesses. Attackers may attempt to find corresponding DKIM keys or improperly managed records associated with common selectors. If a common selector is coupled with a weak key length or poor key management practices, it significantly increases the likelihood of email spoofing and phishing attacks.
Recommendation
We recommend using unique, customized selectors for each DKIM key to make it more difficult for attackers to predict and target the domain's DKIM records. Regularly rotate selectors and associated keys to further strengthen the security of your domain's email authentication infrastructure.
Evidence
We found insecure DNS cookie usage on the following nameservers: ns1.masbytes.es, ns2.masbytes.es
Vulnerability description
We found that the server does not implement DNS Cookies or uses them insecurely. DNS Cookies help prevent DNS-based attacks, such as spoofing and amplification attacks.
Risk description
The risk exists because without DNS Cookies, the server is vulnerable to DNS spoofing and amplification attacks. Attackers can manipulate responses or use the server in distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, compromising network availability and security.
Recommendation
We recommend enabling DNS Cookies to prevent spoofed DNS responses. Ensure proper cookie validation is implemented to mitigate DNS amplification attacks. Regularly update DNS servers to support the latest DNS security features.
Evidence
We managed to detect a publicly accessible File Transfer Protocol (FTP) service. PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION 21/tcp open ftp ProFTPD
Vulnerability description
We found that the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) service is publicly accessible. The FTP enables client systems to connect to upload and download files. Nonetheless, FTP lacks encryption for the data exchanged between the server and the client, leaving all transferred data exposed in plaintext.
Risk description
Exposing this service online can enable attackers to execute man-in-the-middle attacks, capturing sensitive user credentials and the contents of files because FTP operates without encryption. The entirety of the communication between the client and the server remains unsecured in plaintext. This acquired information could further facilitate additional attacks within the network.
Recommendation
We recommend turning off FTP access over the Internet and instead using a Virtual Private Network (VPN) that mandates two-factor authentication (2FA). If the FTP service is essential for business purposes, we recommend limiting access only from designated IP addresses using a firewall. Furthermore, utilizing SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol) is recommended as this protocol employs encryption to secure data transfers.
Evidence
| Domain Queried | DNS Record Type | Description | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| _dmarc.centroestudiosmtudela.com | TXT | Text record | "v=DMARC1;p=reject;sp=reject;adkim=r;aspf=s;pct=100;fo=1;rf=afrf;ri=86400;rua=mailto:dmarc@colaboras.cloud;ruf=mailto:dmarc@colaboras.cloud" |
Evidence
| Software / Version | Category |
|---|---|
| Nginx | Web servers, Reverse proxies |
| OpenResty 1.29.2.3 | Web servers |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that server software and technology details are exposed, potentially aiding attackers in tailoring specific exploits against identified systems and versions.
Risk description
The risk is that an attacker could use this information to mount specific attacks against the identified software type and version.
Recommendation
We recommend you to eliminate the information which permits the identification of software platform, technology, server and operating system: HTTP server headers, HTML meta information, etc.
Evidence
| Domain Queried | DNS Record Type | Description | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| centroestudiosmtudela.com | SPF | Sender Policy Framework | "v=spf1 include:masbytes.es -all" |
Evidence
| DKIM selector | Key type | Key size | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| default | rsa | 1422 | "v=DKIM1; k=rsa; p=MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA1IFrC6myrdpbSX7JSYdVDRl7z7D9fEiTeb8oVXTYzOjBFTWi+3iZUvdhGhaJTe8JUkqXU5AcSeLyyfI7dP6tO7so/F7BhSr8WOthUqtg+Muu4J4Qt9Kc7ysrtyVGze7Ro6W0LRFn86Ytsr+gMqz+Xrhf53NGdhMV2VoOAG00dTQyBw6UgmiO6FjmwpK1QUl6b" "wR1HwfYq4qBwXPcC6/HTvSCgNn/GwvspIS+12rTDeCQRAHdpnL+QmJhhnj2Pykkjv+2XneD76qTaqF1TukdgW2YEraZo4ySLnr9zc/K2a+ndfi8zii3wRbzF/mXQXIsaRe+CAiBtv6aufEXhqguOQIDAQAB;" |
Evidence
| Software / Version | Category |
|---|---|
| Nginx | Web servers, Reverse proxies |
| OpenResty 1.29.2.3 | Web servers |
| Sectigo | SSL/TLS certificate authorities |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that server software and technology details are exposed, potentially aiding attackers in tailoring specific exploits against identified systems and versions.
Risk description
The risk is that an attacker could use this information to mount specific attacks against the identified software type and version.
Recommendation
We recommend you to eliminate the information which permits the identification of software platform, technology, server and operating system: HTTP server headers, HTML meta information, etc.
Evidence
| Domain Queried | DNS Record Type | Description | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| centroestudiosmtudela.com | A | IPv4 address | 5.56.166.20 |
| centroestudiosmtudela.com | NS | Name server | ns1.masbytes.es |
| centroestudiosmtudela.com | NS | Name server | ns2.masbytes.es |
| centroestudiosmtudela.com | MX | Mail server | 10 mx103.colaboras.cloud |
| centroestudiosmtudela.com | MX | Mail server | 10 mx101.colaboras.cloud |
| centroestudiosmtudela.com | MX | Mail server | 10 mx102.colaboras.cloud |
| centroestudiosmtudela.com | SOA | Start of Authority | ns1.masbytes.es. javier\.lopez+masbytes.almazena.com. 2025041001 3600 1800 1209600 86400 |
| centroestudiosmtudela.com | SPF | Sender Policy Framework | "v=spf1 include:masbytes.es -all" |
| _dmarc.centroestudiosmtudela.com | TXT | Text record | "v=DMARC1;p=reject;sp=reject;adkim=r;aspf=s;pct=100;fo=1;rf=afrf;ri=86400;rua=mailto:dmarc@colaboras.cloud;ruf=mailto:dmarc@colaboras.cloud" |
Risk description
An initial step for an attacker aiming to learn about an organization involves conducting searches on its domain names to uncover DNS records associated with the organization. This strategy aims to amass comprehensive insights into the target domain, enabling the attacker to outline the organization's external digital landscape. This gathered intelligence may subsequently serve as a foundation for launching attacks, including those based on social engineering techniques. DNS records pointing to services or servers that are no longer in use can provide an attacker with an easy entry point into the network.
Recommendation
We recommend reviewing all DNS records associated with the domain and identifying and removing unused or obsolete records.
Evidence
| Software / Version | Category |
|---|---|
| Nginx | Web servers, Reverse proxies |
| OpenResty 1.29.2.3 | Web servers |
| Sectigo | SSL/TLS certificate authorities |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that server software and technology details are exposed, potentially aiding attackers in tailoring specific exploits against identified systems and versions.
Risk description
The risk is that an attacker could use this information to mount specific attacks against the identified software type and version.
Recommendation
We recommend you to eliminate the information which permits the identification of software platform, technology, server and operating system: HTTP server headers, HTML meta information, etc.