Vulnerability Scan Result
| Title: | ASCD |
| Description: | No description found |
| ip_address | 54.204.90.11 |
| country | US  |
| network_name | Amazon Inc |
| asn | AS14618 |
| ip_address | 3.234.87.60 |
| country | US |
| network_name | Amazon Inc |
| asn | AS14618 |
| ip_address | 52.1.39.40 |
| country | US |
| network_name | Amazon Inc |
| asn | AS14618 |
80/tcp | http | awselb/2.0 - |
443/tcp | https | awselb/2.0 - |
| Software / Version | Category |
|---|---|
| Twitter Ads | Advertising |
| Linkedin Ads | Advertising |
| Linkedin Insight Tag | Analytics |
| jQuery CDN | CDN |
| Emotion | JavaScript frameworks, Development |
| Facebook Pixel 2.9.235 | Analytics |
| web-vitals | JavaScript libraries, RUM |
| Goober | JavaScript libraries |
| Google Analytics UA | Analytics |
| jQuery 3.6.0 | JavaScript libraries |
| Mouse Flow | Analytics |
| MUI | UI frameworks |
| Next.js | JavaScript frameworks, Web frameworks, Web servers, Static site generator |
| Nginx 1.28.0 | Web servers, Reverse proxies |
| Piano | Personalisation |
| React | JavaScript frameworks |
| Webpack | Miscellaneous |
| Algolia | Search engines |
| ClickCease | Security |
| reCAPTCHA | Security |
| Google Tag Manager | Tag managers |
| Hotjar | Analytics |
| HubSpot | Marketing automation |
| HubSpot Analytics | Analytics |
| OneTrust | Cookie compliance |
| HSTS | Security |
Web Application Vulnerabilities
Evidence
| URL | Response URL | Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| http://www.ascd.org/ | http://www.ascd.org/ | Communication is made over unsecure, unencrypted HTTP. |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that the communication between the web browser and the server is done using the HTTP protocol, which transmits data unencrypted over the network.
Risk description
The risk is that an attacker who manages to intercept the communication at the network level can read and modify the data transmitted (including passwords, secret tokens, credit card information and other sensitive data).
Recommendation
We recommend you to reconfigure the web server to use HTTPS - which encrypts the communication between the web browser and the server.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-311 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
| URL | Evidence |
|---|---|
| http://www.ascd.org/ | Response does not include the HTTP Content-Security-Policy security header or meta tag |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that the target application lacks the Content-Security-Policy (CSP) header in its HTTP responses. The CSP header is a security measure that instructs web browsers to enforce specific security rules, effectively preventing the exploitation of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities.
Risk description
The risk is that if the target application is vulnerable to XSS, lack of this header makes it easily exploitable by attackers.
Recommendation
Configure the Content-Security-Header to be sent with each HTTP response in order to apply the specific policies needed by the application.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-693 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
| URL | Evidence |
|---|---|
| http://www.ascd.org/ | Response headers do not include the Referrer-Policy HTTP security header as well as the |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that the target application's server responses lack the Referrer-Policy HTTP header, which controls how much referrer information the browser will send with each request originated from the current web application.
Risk description
The risk is that if a user visits a web page (e.g. "http://example.com/pricing/") and clicks on a link from that page going to e.g. "https://www.google.com", the browser will send to Google the full originating URL in the `Referer` header, assuming the Referrer-Policy header is not set. The originating URL could be considered sensitive information and it could be used for user tracking.
Recommendation
The Referrer-Policy header should be configured on the server side to avoid user tracking and inadvertent information leakage. The value `no-referrer` of this header instructs the browser to omit the Referer header entirely.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-693 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
| Software / Version | Category |
|---|---|
| Twitter Ads | Advertising |
| Linkedin Ads | Advertising |
| Linkedin Insight Tag | Analytics |
| jQuery CDN | CDN |
| Emotion | JavaScript frameworks, Development |
| Facebook Pixel 2.9.235 | Analytics |
| web-vitals | JavaScript libraries, RUM |
| Goober | JavaScript libraries |
| Google Analytics UA | Analytics |
| jQuery 3.6.0 | JavaScript libraries |
| Mouse Flow | Analytics |
| MUI | UI frameworks |
| Next.js | JavaScript frameworks, Web frameworks, Web servers, Static site generator |
| Nginx 1.28.0 | Web servers, Reverse proxies |
| Piano | Personalisation |
| React | JavaScript frameworks |
| Webpack | Miscellaneous |
| Algolia | Search engines |
| ClickCease | Security |
| reCAPTCHA | Security |
| Google Tag Manager | Tag managers |
| Hotjar | Analytics |
| HubSpot | Marketing automation |
| HubSpot Analytics | Analytics |
| OneTrust | Cookie compliance |
| HSTS | Security |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that server software and technology details are exposed, potentially aiding attackers in tailoring specific exploits against identified systems and versions.
Risk description
The risk is that an attacker could use this information to mount specific attacks against the identified software type and version.
Recommendation
We recommend you to eliminate the information which permits the identification of software platform, technology, server and operating system: HTTP server headers, HTML meta information, etc.
Evidence
| URL | Evidence |
|---|---|
| http://www.ascd.org/images/ | Response headers do not include the X-Content-Type-Options HTTP security header |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that the target application's server responses lack the X-Content-Type-Options header. This header is particularly important for preventing Internet Explorer from reinterpreting the content of a web page (MIME-sniffing) and thus overriding the value of the Content-Type header.
Risk description
The risk is that lack of this header could make possible attacks such as Cross-Site Scripting or phishing in Internet Explorer browsers.
Recommendation
We recommend setting the X-Content-Type-Options header such as `X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff`.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-693 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
Vulnerability description
We found the robots.txt on the target server. This file instructs web crawlers what URLs and endpoints of the web application they can visit and crawl. Website administrators often misuse this file while attempting to hide some web pages from the users.
Risk description
There is no particular security risk in having a robots.txt file. However, it's important to note that adding endpoints in it should not be considered a security measure, as this file can be directly accessed and read by anyone.
Recommendation
We recommend you to manually review the entries from robots.txt and remove the ones which lead to sensitive locations in the website (ex. administration panels, configuration files, etc).
Vulnerability description
We have noticed that the server is missing the security.txt file, which is considered a good practice for web security. It provides a standardized way for security researchers and the public to report security vulnerabilities or concerns by outlining the preferred method of contact and reporting procedures.
Risk description
There is no particular risk in not having a security.txt file for your server. However, this file is important because it offers a designated channel for reporting vulnerabilities and security issues.
Recommendation
We recommend you to implement the security.txt file according to the standard, in order to allow researchers or users report any security issues they find, improving the defensive mechanisms of your server.
Evidence
| URL | Method | Parameters | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| http://www.ascd.org/el/ | GET | Headers: User-Agent=Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/108.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 | Email Address: edleadership@ascd.org |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that this web application exposes email addresses, which might be unintended. While not inherently a vulnerability, this information could be leveraged in social engineering or spam related activities.
Risk description
The risk is that exposed email addresses within the application could be accessed by unauthorized parties. This could lead to privacy violations, spam, phishing attacks, or other forms of misuse.
Recommendation
Compartmentalize the application to have 'safe' areas where trust boundaries can be unambiguously drawn. Do not allow email addresses to go outside of the trust boundary, and always be careful when interfacing with a compartment outside of the safe area.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-200 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
| URL | Method | Summary |
|---|---|---|
| http://www.ascd.org/ | OPTIONS | We did a HTTP OPTIONS request. The server responded with a 405 status code and the header: `Allow: GET, HEAD` Request / Response |
Vulnerability description
We have noticed that the webserver responded with an Allow HTTP header when an OPTIONS HTTP request was sent. This method responds to requests by providing information about the methods available for the target resource.
Risk description
The only risk this might present nowadays is revealing debug HTTP methods that can be used on the server. This can present a danger if any of those methods can lead to sensitive information, like authentication information, secret keys.
Recommendation
We recommend that you check for unused HTTP methods or even better, disable the OPTIONS method. This can be done using your webserver configuration.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-16 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
Vulnerability description
Website is accessible.
Infrastructure Vulnerabilities
Evidence
We found insecure EDNS configuration on the following nameservers: ns-339.awsdns-42.com ns-339.awsdns-42.com:
Vulnerability description
We found that the server does not properly implement EDNS (Extension Mechanisms for DNS). EDNS allows larger DNS packets and supports modern features such as DNSSEC.
Risk description
The risk exists because improper or missing EDNS support can lead to truncated responses, degraded DNS performance, and compatibility issues with DNSSEC. This exposes users to risks such as incomplete DNS resolution and failed DNSSEC validation.
Recommendation
We recommend ensuring the proper implementation of EDNS on the DNS server. Update the DNS server software to support EDNS fully, including modern features like DNSSEC. Regularly test DNS configurations to ensure compliance and performance.
Evidence
We found insecure DNS cookie usage on the following nameservers: ns-1501.awsdns-59.org, ns-1767.awsdns-28.co.uk, ns-339.awsdns-42.com, ns-990.awsdns-59.net
Vulnerability description
We found that the server does not implement DNS Cookies or uses them insecurely. DNS Cookies help prevent DNS-based attacks, such as spoofing and amplification attacks.
Risk description
The risk exists because without DNS Cookies, the server is vulnerable to DNS spoofing and amplification attacks. Attackers can manipulate responses or use the server in distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, compromising network availability and security.
Recommendation
We recommend enabling DNS Cookies to prevent spoofed DNS responses. Ensure proper cookie validation is implemented to mitigate DNS amplification attacks. Regularly update DNS servers to support the latest DNS security features.
Evidence
| Domain Queried | DNS Record Type | Description | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| www.ascd.org | A | IPv4 address | 54.204.90.11 |
| www.ascd.org | A | IPv4 address | 52.1.39.40 |
| www.ascd.org | A | IPv4 address | 3.234.87.60 |
| www.ascd.org | NS | Name server | ns-1501.awsdns-59.org |
| www.ascd.org | NS | Name server | ns-1767.awsdns-28.co.uk |
| www.ascd.org | NS | Name server | ns-339.awsdns-42.com |
| www.ascd.org | NS | Name server | ns-990.awsdns-59.net |
| www.ascd.org | MX | Mail server | 0 ascd-org.mail.protection.outlook.com |
| www.ascd.org | SOA | Start of Authority | ns-1501.awsdns-59.org. awsdns-hostmaster.amazon.com. 1 7200 900 1209600 86400 |
| www.ascd.org | TXT | Text record | "CCxI1uBGTpRfBPBDME2Ai9hFhi/8xYuPT4l5DKrTIoNGYITnVqr4itlfBk2F7eWNErCNVaJv5Yqb75yDHqyNyA==" |
| www.ascd.org | TXT | Text record | "MS=ms87712948" |
| www.ascd.org | TXT | Text record | "facebook-domain-verification=cwpwe80xa8i34r8p1dym5i34c9flkp" |
| www.ascd.org | TXT | Text record | "google-site-verification=ZJtIyLPXJpmg2BrNzcNeBhpf7Yp0abh5ZRA2PNqqg9M" |
| www.ascd.org | TXT | Text record | "google-site-verification=pelCzFDIzufLZqrxRgW6sTxuxtVpFPo-iJWbpPw01tg" |
| www.ascd.org | TXT | Text record | "lucid-verification=8ck@Q6!6sVYQ#FE%Q0Gw" |
| www.ascd.org | TXT | Text record | "smartsheet-site-validation=a4s8HNBHow8WAd5GbwFmrPld3DWhzNvN" |
| www.ascd.org | TXT | Text record | "solarwinds-service0desk-verification=a84c39ba70b1ee8e76143d608a7aa17b" |
| www.ascd.org | SPF | Sender Policy Framework | "v=spf1 ip4:52.61.91.9 ip4:52.0.20.102 ip4:52.2.238.96 ip4:40.92.0.0/15 ip4:67.94.7.0/24 ip4:62.225.15.98 ip4:52.222.73.83 ip4:52.222.62.51 ip4:52.222.75.85 ip4:160.1.62.192 ip4:15.200.21.50 ip4:52.20.146.34 ip4:50.31.57.204 ip4:104.47.55.110 ip4:104.47.58" ".110 ip4:216.33.126.11 ip4:40.107.0.0/16 ip4:52.100.0.0/14 ip4:104.47.0.0/17 ip4:217.7.197.202 ip4:3.93.157.0/24 ip4:52.222.89.228 ip4:15.200.44.248 include:_spf0000000.ascd.org ~all" |
| www.ascd.org | CAA | Certificate Authority Authorization | 0 issuewild "amazon.com" |
| www.ascd.org | CNAME | Canonical name | ascd.org |
Risk description
An initial step for an attacker aiming to learn about an organization involves conducting searches on its domain names to uncover DNS records associated with the organization. This strategy aims to amass comprehensive insights into the target domain, enabling the attacker to outline the organization's external digital landscape. This gathered intelligence may subsequently serve as a foundation for launching attacks, including those based on social engineering techniques. DNS records pointing to services or servers that are no longer in use can provide an attacker with an easy entry point into the network.
Recommendation
We recommend reviewing all DNS records associated with the domain and identifying and removing unused or obsolete records.
Evidence
| Software / Version | Category |
|---|---|
| Next.js | JavaScript frameworks, Web frameworks, Web servers, Static site generator |
| Emotion | JavaScript frameworks, Development |
| Algolia | Search engines |
| Nginx 1.28.0 | Web servers, Reverse proxies |
| MUI | UI frameworks |
| React | JavaScript frameworks |
| web-vitals | JavaScript libraries, RUM |
| reCAPTCHA | Security |
| HSTS | Security |
| Webpack | Miscellaneous |
| Piano | Personalisation |
| OneTrust | Cookie compliance |
| Linkedin Insight Tag | Analytics |
| Linkedin Ads | Advertising |
| jQuery CDN | CDN |
| jQuery 3.6.0 | JavaScript libraries |
| HubSpot | Marketing automation |
| Google Tag Manager | Tag managers |
| Google Analytics UA | Analytics |
| Facebook Pixel | Analytics |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that server software and technology details are exposed, potentially aiding attackers in tailoring specific exploits against identified systems and versions.
Risk description
The risk is that an attacker could use this information to mount specific attacks against the identified software type and version.
Recommendation
We recommend you to eliminate the information which permits the identification of software platform, technology, server and operating system: HTTP server headers, HTML meta information, etc.
Evidence
| Operating System | Accuracy |
|---|---|
| Linux 2.6.32 | 90% |
Vulnerability description
OS Detection
Evidence
| Software / Version | Category |
|---|---|
| Next.js | JavaScript frameworks, Web frameworks, Web servers, Static site generator |
| Emotion | JavaScript frameworks, Development |
| Algolia | Search engines |
| Nginx 1.28.0 | Web servers, Reverse proxies |
| MUI | UI frameworks |
| React | JavaScript frameworks |
| Amazon Web Services | PaaS |
| web-vitals | JavaScript libraries, RUM |
| reCAPTCHA | Security |
| HSTS | Security |
| AWS Certificate Manager | SSL/TLS certificate authorities |
| Webpack | Miscellaneous |
| Piano | Personalisation |
| OneTrust | Cookie compliance |
| Linkedin Insight Tag | Analytics |
| Linkedin Ads | Advertising |
| jQuery CDN | CDN |
| jQuery 3.6.0 | JavaScript libraries |
| HubSpot | Marketing automation |
| Google Tag Manager | Tag managers |
| Google Analytics UA | Analytics |
| Facebook Pixel | Analytics |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that server software and technology details are exposed, potentially aiding attackers in tailoring specific exploits against identified systems and versions.
Risk description
The risk is that an attacker could use this information to mount specific attacks against the identified software type and version.
Recommendation
We recommend you to eliminate the information which permits the identification of software platform, technology, server and operating system: HTTP server headers, HTML meta information, etc.