Vulnerability Scan Result
| Title: | Lesson 2 - Programming concepts - Survival Guide |
| Description: |
| ip_address | 193.118.59.140 |
| country | GB  |
| network_name | Zenlayer Inc |
| asn | AS21859 |
| ip_address | 195.5.171.241 |
| country | US  |
| network_name | Trenka Informatik Ag |
| asn | AS29655 |
| ip_address | 212.71.124.189 |
| country | CH  |
| network_name | Everyware Ag |
| asn | AS24951 |
| ip_address | 212.71.124.188 |
| country | CH |
| network_name | Everyware Ag |
| asn | AS24951 |
| ip_address | 212.71.124.180 |
| country | CH |
| network_name | Everyware Ag |
| asn | AS24951 |
| ip_address | 212.71.124.187 |
| country | CH |
| network_name | Everyware Ag |
| asn | AS24951 |
| ip_address | 195.5.171.242 |
| country | US |
| network_name | Trenka Informatik Ag |
| asn | AS29655 |
| ip_address | 195.5.171.243 |
| country | US |
| network_name | Trenka Informatik Ag |
| asn | AS29655 |
22/tcp | ssh | OpenSSH 10.0p2 Debian 5 |
80/tcp | http | - - |
443/tcp | https | - - |
| Software / Version | Category |
|---|---|
| Clipboard.js | JavaScript libraries |
| Font Awesome | Font scripts |
| mdBook | Documentation |
| Highlight.js | JavaScript libraries |
| Lunr.js | JavaScript libraries |
| HSTS | Security |
| YouTube | Video players |
Web Application Vulnerabilities
Evidence
| URL | Evidence |
|---|---|
| https://nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io/theory/lesson-2/lesson-2.html | Response does not include the HTTP Content-Security-Policy security header or meta tag |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that the target application lacks the Content-Security-Policy (CSP) header in its HTTP responses. The CSP header is a security measure that instructs web browsers to enforce specific security rules, effectively preventing the exploitation of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities.
Risk description
The risk is that if the target application is vulnerable to XSS, lack of this header makes it easily exploitable by attackers.
Recommendation
Configure the Content-Security-Header to be sent with each HTTP response in order to apply the specific policies needed by the application.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-693 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
| Software / Version | Category |
|---|---|
| Clipboard.js | JavaScript libraries |
| Font Awesome | Font scripts |
| mdBook | Documentation |
| Highlight.js | JavaScript libraries |
| Lunr.js | JavaScript libraries |
| HSTS | Security |
| YouTube | Video players |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that server software and technology details are exposed, potentially aiding attackers in tailoring specific exploits against identified systems and versions.
Risk description
The risk is that an attacker could use this information to mount specific attacks against the identified software type and version.
Recommendation
We recommend you to eliminate the information which permits the identification of software platform, technology, server and operating system: HTTP server headers, HTML meta information, etc.
Evidence
| URL | Evidence |
|---|---|
| https://nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io/theory/lesson-2/lesson-2.html | Response headers do not include the Referrer-Policy HTTP security header as well as the |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that the target application's server responses lack the Referrer-Policy HTTP header, which controls how much referrer information the browser will send with each request originated from the current web application.
Risk description
The risk is that if a user visits a web page (e.g. "http://example.com/pricing/") and clicks on a link from that page going to e.g. "https://www.google.com", the browser will send to Google the full originating URL in the `Referer` header, assuming the Referrer-Policy header is not set. The originating URL could be considered sensitive information and it could be used for user tracking.
Recommendation
The Referrer-Policy header should be configured on the server side to avoid user tracking and inadvertent information leakage. The value `no-referrer` of this header instructs the browser to omit the Referer header entirely.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-693 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
| URL | Evidence |
|---|---|
| https://nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io/theory/lesson-2/lesson-2.html | Response headers do not include the X-Content-Type-Options HTTP security header |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that the target application's server responses lack the X-Content-Type-Options header. This header is particularly important for preventing Internet Explorer from reinterpreting the content of a web page (MIME-sniffing) and thus overriding the value of the Content-Type header.
Risk description
The risk is that lack of this header could make possible attacks such as Cross-Site Scripting or phishing in Internet Explorer browsers.
Recommendation
We recommend setting the X-Content-Type-Options header such as `X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff`.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-693 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
Vulnerability description
Website is accessible.
Infrastructure Vulnerabilities
Evidence
We managed to detect a publicly accessible SSH service. Starting Nmap ( https://nmap.org ) at 2025-08-16 19:00 EEST Nmap scan report for nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io (195.5.171.242) Host is up (0.0089s latency). Other addresses for nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io (not scanned): 193.118.59.140 195.5.171.243 212.71.124.187 195.5.171.241 212.71.124.188 212.71.124.180 212.71.124.189 2602:fb2b:110:1:bc9b:c4ff:feb8:3f2e 2a00:fb01:400:200:a7:7dff:fea4:e773 2a00:fb01:400:200:5000:61ff:fe45:43ab 2a00:fb01:400:200:5000:45ff:feb5:f777 2602:fb2b:110:1:bcfb:b8ff:fe09:c741 2602:fb2b:110:1:bced:b7ff:fe2f:a862 2a00:fb01:400:200:5000:5aff:fef2:9428 2a0b:21c0:4003:1:7c9a:a1ff:feac:ed9a
PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION 22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 10.0p2 Debian 5 (protocol 2.0) | ssh-auth-methods: | Supported authentication methods: | publickey |_ password Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel
Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ . Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 1.87 seconds
Vulnerability description
We found that the SSH service with username/password authentication is publicly accessible. Network administrators often use remote administration protocols to control devices like switches, routers, and other essential systems. However, allowing these services to be accessible via the Internet can increase security risks, creating potential opportunities for attacks on the organization.
Risk description
Exposing this service online with username/password authentication can enable attackers to launch authentication attacks, like guessing login credentials, and potentially gaining unauthorized access. Vulnerabilities, such as unpatched software, protocol flaws, or backdoors could also be exploited. An example is the CVE-2024-3094 (XZ Utils Backdoor) vulnerability.
Recommendation
We recommend turning off SSH with username/password authentication access over the Internet and instead using a Virtual Private Network (VPN) that mandates two-factor authentication (2FA). If the SSH service is essential for business purposes, we recommend limiting access only from designated IP addresses using a firewall. Furthermore, it is advisable to utilize SSH Public Key Authentication since it employs a key pair to verify the identity of a user or process.
Evidence
We found insecure DNS cookie usage on the following nameservers: hassan.ns.cloudflare.com, lara.ns.cloudflare.com
Vulnerability description
We found that the server does not implement DNS Cookies or uses them insecurely. DNS Cookies help prevent DNS-based attacks, such as spoofing and amplification attacks.
Risk description
The risk exists because without DNS Cookies, the server is vulnerable to DNS spoofing and amplification attacks. Attackers can manipulate responses or use the server in distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, compromising network availability and security.
Recommendation
We recommend enabling DNS Cookies to prevent spoofed DNS responses. Ensure proper cookie validation is implemented to mitigate DNS amplification attacks. Regularly update DNS servers to support the latest DNS security features.
Evidence
| Software / Version | Category |
|---|---|
| mdBook | Documentation |
| YouTube | Video players |
| Lunr.js | JavaScript libraries |
| Highlight.js | JavaScript libraries |
| Clipboard.js | JavaScript libraries |
| HSTS | Security |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that server software and technology details are exposed, potentially aiding attackers in tailoring specific exploits against identified systems and versions.
Risk description
The risk is that an attacker could use this information to mount specific attacks against the identified software type and version.
Recommendation
We recommend you to eliminate the information which permits the identification of software platform, technology, server and operating system: HTTP server headers, HTML meta information, etc.
Evidence
| Domain Queried | DNS Record Type | Description | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | A | IPv4 address | 212.71.124.180 |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | A | IPv4 address | 212.71.124.187 |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | A | IPv4 address | 195.5.171.242 |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | A | IPv4 address | 193.118.59.140 |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | A | IPv4 address | 195.5.171.243 |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | A | IPv4 address | 195.5.171.241 |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | A | IPv4 address | 212.71.124.188 |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | A | IPv4 address | 212.71.124.189 |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | NS | Name server | hassan.ns.cloudflare.com |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | NS | Name server | lara.ns.cloudflare.com |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | SOA | Start of Authority | hassan.ns.cloudflare.com. dns.cloudflare.com. 2380824531 10000 2400 604800 1800 |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | AAAA | IPv6 address | 2a00:fb01:400:200:5000:45ff:feb5:f777 |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | AAAA | IPv6 address | 2602:fb2b:110:1:bced:b7ff:fe2f:a862 |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | AAAA | IPv6 address | 2a0b:21c0:4003:1:7c9a:a1ff:feac:ed9a |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | AAAA | IPv6 address | 2a00:fb01:400:200:5000:61ff:fe45:43ab |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | AAAA | IPv6 address | 2a00:fb01:400:200:5000:5aff:fef2:9428 |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | AAAA | IPv6 address | 2602:fb2b:110:1:bc9b:c4ff:feb8:3f2e |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | AAAA | IPv6 address | 2602:fb2b:110:1:bcfb:b8ff:fe09:c741 |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | AAAA | IPv6 address | 2a00:fb01:400:200:a7:7dff:fea4:e773 |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | SPF | Sender Policy Framework | "v=spf1 -all" |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | CAA | Certificate Authority Authorization | 0 issue "comodoca.com" |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | CAA | Certificate Authority Authorization | 0 issue "digicert.com; cansignhttpexchanges=yes" |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | CAA | Certificate Authority Authorization | 0 issue "letsencrypt.org" |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | CAA | Certificate Authority Authorization | 0 issue "pki.goog; cansignhttpexchanges=yes" |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | CAA | Certificate Authority Authorization | 0 issue "ssl.com" |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | CAA | Certificate Authority Authorization | 0 issuewild "comodoca.com" |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | CAA | Certificate Authority Authorization | 0 issuewild "digicert.com; cansignhttpexchanges=yes" |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | CAA | Certificate Authority Authorization | 0 issuewild "letsencrypt.org" |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | CAA | Certificate Authority Authorization | 0 issuewild "pki.goog; cansignhttpexchanges=yes" |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | CAA | Certificate Authority Authorization | 0 issuewild "ssl.com" |
| nnri3-7qaaa-aaaaj-qa3qa-cai.icp0.io | CNAME | Canonical name | boundary.dfinity.network |
Risk description
An initial step for an attacker aiming to learn about an organization involves conducting searches on its domain names to uncover DNS records associated with the organization. This strategy aims to amass comprehensive insights into the target domain, enabling the attacker to outline the organization's external digital landscape. This gathered intelligence may subsequently serve as a foundation for launching attacks, including those based on social engineering techniques. DNS records pointing to services or servers that are no longer in use can provide an attacker with an easy entry point into the network.
Recommendation
We recommend reviewing all DNS records associated with the domain and identifying and removing unused or obsolete records.
Evidence
| Operating System | Accuracy |
|---|---|
| Linux 2.6.32 | 87% |
Vulnerability description
OS Detection