Vulnerability Scan Result
| Title: | Log in to Your Account | Cigna International Healthcare |
| Description: | Access your Cigna International Healthcare account to manage benefits, claims and health services. Secure login for members, employers, providers and partners. |
| ip_address | 170.48.68.115 |
| country | GB  |
| network_name | Cigna HLA Technology Services Company Ltd |
| asn | AS202917 |
80/tcp | http | F5 BIG-IP load balancer http proxy - |
443/tcp | https | Webserver - |
| Software / Version | Category |
|---|---|
| Adobe Experience Platform Identity Service | Customer data platform |
| Adobe Experience Platform Launch | Tag managers |
| Adobe Client Data Layer 2.0.2 | JavaScript frameworks |
| lit-element 4.0.5 | JavaScript libraries |
| PHP | Programming languages |
| DigiCert | SSL/TLS certificate authorities |
| HSTS | Security |
Web Application Vulnerabilities
Evidence
| URL | Cookie Name | Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| https://cignahealthbenefits.com/en/ | language, TS01dcd479 | The server responded with Set-Cookie header(s) that does not specify the HttpOnly flag: Set-Cookie: language=en Set-Cookie: TS01dcd479=01efd1a04648deecd5b38f6e07ff43c385d93322bc457fe5533a72319018efb6085c90d8e510d3e47b6b14ebfcadd99ad16c9ab3b2b0231de60fc3dadce106be0e48d11c43 |
Vulnerability description
We found that a cookie has been set without the HttpOnly flag, which means it can be accessed by potentially malicious JavaScript code running inside the web page. The root cause for this usually revolves around misconfigurations in the code or server settings.
Risk description
The risk is that an attacker who injects malicious JavaScript code on the page (e.g. by using an XSS attack) can access the cookie and can send it to another site. In case of a session cookie, this could lead to session hijacking.
Recommendation
Ensure that the HttpOnly flag is set for all cookies.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-1004 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
| URL | Cookie Name | Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| https://cignahealthbenefits.com/en/ | language, TS01dcd479 | Set-Cookie: language=en Set-Cookie: TS01dcd479=01efd1a04648deecd5b38f6e07ff43c385d93322bc457fe5533a72319018efb6085c90d8e510d3e47b6b14ebfcadd99ad16c9ab3b2b0231de60fc3dadce106be0e48d11c43 |
Vulnerability description
We found that a cookie has been set without the Secure flag, which means the browser will send it over an unencrypted channel (plain HTTP) if such a request is made. The root cause for this usually revolves around misconfigurations in the code or server settings.
Risk description
The risk exists that an attacker will intercept the clear-text communication between the browser and the server and he will steal the cookie of the user. If this is a session cookie, the attacker could gain unauthorized access to the victim's web session.
Recommendation
Whenever a cookie contains sensitive information or is a session token, then it should always be passed using an encrypted channel. Ensure that the secure flag is set for cookies containing such sensitive information.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-614 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
| URL | Cookie Name | Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| https://cignahealthbenefits.com/en/ | TS01dcd479 | Set-Cookie: .cignahealthbenefits.com |
Vulnerability description
We found that the target application sets cookies with a domain scope that is too broad. Specifically, cookies intended for use within a particular application are configured in such a way that they can be accessed by multiple subdomains of the same primary domain.
Risk description
The risk is that a cookie set for example.com may be sent along with the requests sent to dev.example.com, calendar.example.com, hostedsite.example.com. Potentially risky websites under your main domain may access those cookies and use the victim session from the main site.
Recommendation
The `Domain` attribute should be set to the origin host to limit the scope to that particular server. For example if the application resides on server app.mysite.com, then it should be set to `Domain=app.mysite.com`
Classification
| CWE | CWE-614 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
| URL | Evidence |
|---|---|
| https://cignahealthbenefits.com/en/ | Response does not include the HTTP Content-Security-Policy security header or meta tag |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that the target application lacks the Content-Security-Policy (CSP) header in its HTTP responses. The CSP header is a security measure that instructs web browsers to enforce specific security rules, effectively preventing the exploitation of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities.
Risk description
The risk is that if the target application is vulnerable to XSS, lack of this header makes it easily exploitable by attackers.
Recommendation
Configure the Content-Security-Header to be sent with each HTTP response in order to apply the specific policies needed by the application.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-1021 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
| URL | Evidence |
|---|---|
| https://cignahealthbenefits.com/en/ | Response headers do not include the Referrer-Policy HTTP security header as well as the |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that the target application's server responses lack the Referrer-Policy HTTP header, which controls how much referrer information the browser will send with each request originated from the current web application.
Risk description
The risk is that if a user visits a web page (e.g. "http://example.com/pricing/") and clicks on a link from that page going to e.g. "https://www.google.com", the browser will send to Google the full originating URL in the `Referer` header, assuming the Referrer-Policy header is not set. The originating URL could be considered sensitive information and it could be used for user tracking.
Recommendation
The Referrer-Policy header should be configured on the server side to avoid user tracking and inadvertent information leakage. The value `no-referrer` of this header instructs the browser to omit the Referer header entirely.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-693 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
| URL | Evidence |
|---|---|
| https://cignahealthbenefits.com/en/ | Response headers do not include the X-Content-Type-Options HTTP security header |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that the target application's server responses lack the X-Content-Type-Options header. This header is particularly important for preventing Internet Explorer from reinterpreting the content of a web page (MIME-sniffing) and thus overriding the value of the Content-Type header.
Risk description
The risk is that lack of this header could make possible attacks such as Cross-Site Scripting or phishing in Internet Explorer browsers.
Recommendation
We recommend setting the X-Content-Type-Options header such as `X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff`.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-693 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
Vulnerability description
We found the robots.txt on the target server. This file instructs web crawlers what URLs and endpoints of the web application they can visit and crawl. Website administrators often misuse this file while attempting to hide some web pages from the users.
Risk description
There is no particular security risk in having a robots.txt file. However, it's important to note that adding endpoints in it should not be considered a security measure, as this file can be directly accessed and read by anyone.
Recommendation
We recommend you to manually review the entries from robots.txt and remove the ones which lead to sensitive locations in the website (ex. administration panels, configuration files, etc).
Evidence
| Software / Version | Category |
|---|---|
| Adobe Experience Platform Identity Service | Customer data platform |
| Adobe Experience Platform Launch | Tag managers |
| Adobe Client Data Layer 2.0.2 | JavaScript frameworks |
| lit-element 4.0.5 | JavaScript libraries |
| PHP | Programming languages |
| DigiCert | SSL/TLS certificate authorities |
| HSTS | Security |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that server software and technology details are exposed, potentially aiding attackers in tailoring specific exploits against identified systems and versions.
Risk description
The risk is that an attacker could use this information to mount specific attacks against the identified software type and version.
Recommendation
We recommend you to eliminate the information which permits the identification of software platform, technology, server and operating system: HTTP server headers, HTML meta information, etc.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-200 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
| URL | Evidence |
|---|---|
| https://cignahealthbenefits.com/en/login/employers |
|
Vulnerability description
We have discovered that the target application presents a login interface that could be a potential target for attacks. While login interfaces are standard for user authentication, they can become vulnerabilities if not properly secured.
Risk description
The risk is that an attacker could use this interface to mount brute force attacks against known passwords and usernames combinations leaked throughout the web.
Recommendation
Ensure each interface is not bypassable using common knowledge of the application or leaked credentials using occasional password audits.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-287 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
| URL | Method | Parameters | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| https://cignahealthbenefits.com/en/idd | GET | Headers: User-Agent=Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/108.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Cookies: TS01dcd479=01efd1a046eb86aea446dcc9bb586b5ab9b1ae2b8b4bbdd7f5d5b3166d4fae25a700160c43c0b9075af559aeda7f76139bf46929a6b75838256389e4cf865585b93... | Email Address: info@ombudsman.as |
| https://cignahealthbenefits.com/en/privacy | GET | Headers: User-Agent=Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/108.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Cookies: TS01dcd479=01efd1a046eb86aea446dcc9bb586b5ab9b1ae2b8b4bbdd7f5d5b3166d4fae25a700160c43c0b9075af559aeda7f76139bf46929a6b75838256389e4cf865585b93... |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that this web application exposes email addresses, which might be unintended. While not inherently a vulnerability, this information could be leveraged in social engineering or spam related activities.
Risk description
The risk is that exposed email addresses within the application could be accessed by unauthorized parties. This could lead to privacy violations, spam, phishing attacks, or other forms of misuse.
Recommendation
Compartmentalize the application to have 'safe' areas where trust boundaries can be unambiguously drawn. Do not allow email addresses to go outside of the trust boundary, and always be careful when interfacing with a compartment outside of the safe area.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-200 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
| URL | Method | Summary |
|---|---|---|
| https://cignahealthbenefits.com/en/ | OPTIONS | We did a HTTP OPTIONS request. The server responded with a 200 status code and the header: `Allow: OPTIONS, TRACE, GET, HEAD, POST` Request / Response |
Vulnerability description
We have noticed that the webserver responded with an Allow HTTP header when an OPTIONS HTTP request was sent. This method responds to requests by providing information about the methods available for the target resource.
Risk description
The only risk this might present nowadays is revealing debug HTTP methods that can be used on the server. This can present a danger if any of those methods can lead to sensitive information, like authentication information, secret keys.
Recommendation
We recommend that you check for unused HTTP methods or even better, disable the OPTIONS method. This can be done using your webserver configuration.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-16 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Vulnerability description
We have noticed that the server is missing the security.txt file, which is considered a good practice for web security. It provides a standardized way for security researchers and the public to report security vulnerabilities or concerns by outlining the preferred method of contact and reporting procedures.
Risk description
There is no particular risk in not having a security.txt file for your server. However, this file is important because it offers a designated channel for reporting vulnerabilities and security issues.
Recommendation
We recommend you to implement the security.txt file according to the standard, in order to allow researchers or users report any security issues they find, improving the defensive mechanisms of your server.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-1188 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Infrastructure Vulnerabilities
Evidence
We checked 2056 selectors but found no DKIM records.
Vulnerability description
We found that no DKIM record was configured. When a DKIM (DomainKeys Identified Mail) record is not present for a domain, it means that outgoing emails from that domain are not cryptographically signed. DKIM is a critical component of email authentication, allowing recipients to verify that an email was genuinely sent from an authorized server and that the message has not been altered in transit. The absence of a DKIM record leaves the domain vulnerable to email spoofing and phishing attacks, as attackers can send fraudulent emails that appear to originate from the domain without any cryptographic verification.
Risk description
Without a DKIM record, recipients have no way of verifying the integrity or authenticity of emails sent from the domain. This increases the likelihood of phishing and spoofing attacks, where malicious actors impersonate the domain to send fraudulent emails. This can lead to significant security incidents, such as credential theft, financial fraud, or the distribution of malware. Additionally, many email providers use DKIM as part of their spam and reputation filters, meaning that emails from a domain without DKIM may be flagged as spam or rejected, impacting the deliverability and reputation of legitimate emails.
Recommendation
We recommend implementing DKIM for your domain to enhance email security and protect your brand from email-based attacks. Generate a DKIM key pair (public and private keys), publish the public key in the DNS under the appropriate selector, and configure your email servers to sign outgoing messages using the private key. Ensure that the DKIM key length is at least 1024 bits to prevent cryptographic attacks. Regularly monitor DKIM signatures to ensure the system is functioning correctly and update keys periodically to maintain security.
Evidence
We found insecure DNS cookie usage on the following nameservers: ns.cigna.com, ns2.cigna.com
Vulnerability description
We found that the server does not implement DNS Cookies or uses them insecurely. DNS Cookies help prevent DNS-based attacks, such as spoofing and amplification attacks.
Risk description
The risk exists because without DNS Cookies, the server is vulnerable to DNS spoofing and amplification attacks. Attackers can manipulate responses or use the server in distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, compromising network availability and security.
Recommendation
We recommend enabling DNS Cookies to prevent spoofed DNS responses. Ensure proper cookie validation is implemented to mitigate DNS amplification attacks. Regularly update DNS servers to support the latest DNS security features.
Evidence
| Software / Version | Category |
|---|---|
| PHP | Programming languages |
| Adobe Experience Platform Identity Service | Customer data platform |
| Adobe Client Data Layer 2.0.2 | JavaScript frameworks |
| lit-html 3.1.3 | JavaScript libraries |
| lit-element 4.0.5 | JavaScript libraries |
| Adobe Experience Platform Launch | Tag managers |
| HSTS | Security |
| DigiCert | SSL/TLS certificate authorities |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that server software and technology details are exposed, potentially aiding attackers in tailoring specific exploits against identified systems and versions.
Risk description
The risk is that an attacker could use this information to mount specific attacks against the identified software type and version.
Recommendation
We recommend you to eliminate the information which permits the identification of software platform, technology, server and operating system: HTTP server headers, HTML meta information, etc.
Evidence
| Domain Queried | DNS Record Type | Description | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| _dmarc.cignahealthbenefits.com | TXT | Text record | "v=DMARC1; p=reject; sp=reject; fo=1; rua=mailto:dmarc_rua@emaildefense.proofpoint.com; ruf=mailto:dmarc_ruf@emaildefense.proofpoint.com" |
Evidence
| Domain Queried | DNS Record Type | Description | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| cignahealthbenefits.com | A | IPv4 address | 170.48.68.115 |
| cignahealthbenefits.com | NS | Name server | ns.cigna.com |
| cignahealthbenefits.com | NS | Name server | ns2.cigna.com |
| cignahealthbenefits.com | MX | Mail server | 10 mxa-000e5c18.gslb.pphosted.com |
| cignahealthbenefits.com | MX | Mail server | 10 mxb-000e5c18.gslb.pphosted.com |
| cignahealthbenefits.com | SOA | Start of Authority | ns.cigna.com. dnsdhcpipam.cigna.com. 634618919 10800 3600 2419200 900 |
| cignahealthbenefits.com | TXT | Text record | "domain-verification:d0da01af5710a6dc3998d38aaf4f7bd5b3a6e8d3" |
| cignahealthbenefits.com | TXT | Text record | "google-site-verification=gdetG5Zru9lqYNCeN5OHsTSDUoqntponPNGPb-SxS2E" |
| cignahealthbenefits.com | TXT | Text record | "_ubxwugbjt4vdps9lo1s5mfr29mky335" |
| cignahealthbenefits.com | TXT | Text record | "_6trtj8vz97rkpl7k6n2a7gnwterknx3" |
| cignahealthbenefits.com | TXT | Text record | "ssc-domain-verification=9cbca75a-3011-5f46-9c28-862ef2df425c" |
| cignahealthbenefits.com | TXT | Text record | "MS=ms12330416" |
| cignahealthbenefits.com | TXT | Text record | "_globalsign-domain-verification=AGHiSl-JxnybV0D-7n-sYxdrVptbO-ySooUb246zka" |
| cignahealthbenefits.com | SPF | Sender Policy Framework | "v=spf1 ip4:8.16.0.3 exists:%{i}.spf.evernorth.com -all" |
| cignahealthbenefits.com | CAA | Certificate Authority Authorization | 0 issue "entrust.net" |
| cignahealthbenefits.com | CAA | Certificate Authority Authorization | 0 iodef "mailto:dnsadmin@inf.vanbreda.be" |
| cignahealthbenefits.com | CAA | Certificate Authority Authorization | 0 issue "globalsign.com" |
| cignahealthbenefits.com | CAA | Certificate Authority Authorization | 0 issue "digicert.com" |
| cignahealthbenefits.com | CAA | Certificate Authority Authorization | 0 issue "sectigo.com" |
| cignahealthbenefits.com | CAA | Certificate Authority Authorization | 0 issue "letsencrypt.org" |
| _dmarc.cignahealthbenefits.com | TXT | Text record | "v=DMARC1; p=reject; sp=reject; fo=1; rua=mailto:dmarc_rua@emaildefense.proofpoint.com; ruf=mailto:dmarc_ruf@emaildefense.proofpoint.com" |
Risk description
An initial step for an attacker aiming to learn about an organization involves conducting searches on its domain names to uncover DNS records associated with the organization. This strategy aims to amass comprehensive insights into the target domain, enabling the attacker to outline the organization's external digital landscape. This gathered intelligence may subsequently serve as a foundation for launching attacks, including those based on social engineering techniques. DNS records pointing to services or servers that are no longer in use can provide an attacker with an easy entry point into the network.
Recommendation
We recommend reviewing all DNS records associated with the domain and identifying and removing unused or obsolete records.
Evidence
| Domain Queried | DNS Record Type | Description | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| cignahealthbenefits.com | SPF | Sender Policy Framework | "v=spf1 ip4:8.16.0.3 exists:%{i}.spf.evernorth.com -all" |