Vulnerability Scan Result
| Title: | Leading Cloud Enterprise Security Provider for Zero Trust |
| Description: | Zscaler is a leading cloud enterprise security provider helping global businesses adopt zero trust for secure digital transformation. |
| ip_address | 104.18.30.6 |
| country | - |
| network_name | Cloudflare Inc |
| asn | AS13335 |
| ip_address | 104.18.31.6 |
| country | - |
| network_name | Cloudflare Inc |
| asn | AS13335 |
80/tcp | http | Cloudflare http proxy - |
443/tcp | https | cloudflare - |
2082/tcp | http | Cloudflare http proxy - |
2083/tcp | https | nginx - |
2086/tcp | http | Cloudflare http proxy - |
2087/tcp | https | nginx - |
8080/tcp | http | Cloudflare http proxy - |
8443/tcp | http | cloudflare - |
| Software / Version | Category |
|---|---|
| 6sense | Marketing automation, Personalisation |
| AdRoll | Advertising, Retargeting |
| Amazon Web Services | PaaS |
| Amazon S3 | CDN |
| Linkedin Ads | Advertising |
| Open Graph | Miscellaneous |
| Swiper | JavaScript libraries |
| Priority Hints | Performance |
| Cloudflare | CDN |
| DigiCert | SSL/TLS certificate authorities |
| reCAPTCHA | Security |
| Google Tag Manager | Tag managers |
| Marketo | Marketing automation |
| Netlify | PaaS, CDN |
| OneTrust | Cookie compliance |
| HSTS | Security |
Web Application Vulnerabilities
Evidence
Vulnerability description
We found the robots.txt on the target server. This file instructs web crawlers what URLs and endpoints of the web application they can visit and crawl. Website administrators often misuse this file while attempting to hide some web pages from the users.
Risk description
There is no particular security risk in having a robots.txt file. However, it's important to note that adding endpoints in it should not be considered a security measure, as this file can be directly accessed and read by anyone.
Recommendation
We recommend you to manually review the entries from robots.txt and remove the ones which lead to sensitive locations in the website (ex. administration panels, configuration files, etc).
Evidence
| Software / Version | Category |
|---|---|
| 6sense | Marketing automation, Personalisation |
| AdRoll | Advertising, Retargeting |
| Amazon Web Services | PaaS |
| Amazon S3 | CDN |
| Linkedin Ads | Advertising |
| Open Graph | Miscellaneous |
| Swiper | JavaScript libraries |
| Priority Hints | Performance |
| Cloudflare | CDN |
| DigiCert | SSL/TLS certificate authorities |
| reCAPTCHA | Security |
| Google Tag Manager | Tag managers |
| Marketo | Marketing automation |
| Netlify | PaaS, CDN |
| OneTrust | Cookie compliance |
| HSTS | Security |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that server software and technology details are exposed, potentially aiding attackers in tailoring specific exploits against identified systems and versions.
Risk description
The risk is that an attacker could use this information to mount specific attacks against the identified software type and version.
Recommendation
We recommend you to eliminate the information which permits the identification of software platform, technology, server and operating system: HTTP server headers, HTML meta information, etc.
Evidence
| URL | Evidence |
|---|---|
| https://www.zscaler.com:443/ | Response headers include the HTTP Content-Security-Policy security header with the following security issues:`connect-src: connect-src directive has an IP-Address as source: 44.240.152.58 (will be ignored by browsers!). connect-src: connect-src directive has an IP-Address as source: 34.212.4.35 (will be ignored by browsers!). connect-src: connect-src directive has an IP-Address as source: 34.215.155.61 (will be ignored by browsers!). frame-src: Allow only resources downloaded over HTTPS. script-src: ''unsafe-inline'' allows the execution of unsafe in-page scripts and event handlers. connect-src: connect-src directive has an IP-Address as source: 34.238.149.65 (will be ignored by browsers!). connect-src: connect-src directive has an IP-Address as source: 52.22.50.55 (will be ignored by browsers!). connect-src: connect-src directive has an IP-Address as source: 35.83.209.52 (will be ignored by browsers!). connect-src: connect-src directive has an IP-Address as source: 54.69.255.140 (will be ignored by browsers!). connect-src: connect-src directive has an IP-Address as source: 3.212.39.155 (will be ignored by browsers!). connect-src: connect-src directive has an IP-Address as source: 52.42.124.195 (will be ignored by browsers!). connect-src: connect-src directive has an IP-Address as source: 35.85.106.161 (will be ignored by browsers!). connect-src: connect-src directive has an IP-Address as source: 34.210.219.79 (will be ignored by browsers!). base-uri: Missing base-uri allows the injection of base tags. They can be used to set the base URL for all relative (script) URLs to an attacker controlled domain. We recommend setting it to 'none' or 'self'. connect-src: connect-src directive has an IP-Address as source: 52.12.117.226 (will be ignored by browsers!). connect-src: connect-src directive has an IP-Address as source: 54.190.217.118 (will be ignored by browsers!). object-src... (truncated) |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that the Content-Security-Policy (CSP) header configured for the web application includes unsafe directives. The CSP header activates a protection mechanism implemented in web browsers which prevents exploitation of Cross-Site Scripting vulnerabilities (XSS) by restricting the sources from which content can be loaded or executed.
Risk description
For example, if the unsafe-inline directive is present in the CSP header, the execution of inline scripts and event handlers is allowed. This can be exploited by an attacker to execute arbitrary JavaScript code in the context of the vulnerable application.
Recommendation
Remove the unsafe values from the directives, adopt nonces or hashes for safer inclusion of inline scripts if they are needed, and explicitly define the sources from which scripts, styles, images or other resources can be loaded.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-693 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
| URL | Evidence |
|---|---|
| https://www.zscaler.com:443/_next/static/chunks/pages | Response does not include the HTTP Content-Security-Policy security header or meta tag |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that the target application lacks the Content-Security-Policy (CSP) header in its HTTP responses. The CSP header is a security measure that instructs web browsers to enforce specific security rules, effectively preventing the exploitation of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities.
Risk description
The risk is that if the target application is vulnerable to XSS, lack of this header makes it easily exploitable by attackers.
Recommendation
Configure the Content-Security-Header to be sent with each HTTP response in order to apply the specific policies needed by the application.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-693 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
| URL | Evidence |
|---|---|
| https://www.zscaler.com:443/ | Response headers do not include the Referrer-Policy HTTP security header as well as the |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that the target application's server responses lack the Referrer-Policy HTTP header, which controls how much referrer information the browser will send with each request originated from the current web application.
Risk description
The risk is that if a user visits a web page (e.g. "http://example.com/pricing/") and clicks on a link from that page going to e.g. "https://www.google.com", the browser will send to Google the full originating URL in the `Referer` header, assuming the Referrer-Policy header is not set. The originating URL could be considered sensitive information and it could be used for user tracking.
Recommendation
The Referrer-Policy header should be configured on the server side to avoid user tracking and inadvertent information leakage. The value `no-referrer` of this header instructs the browser to omit the Referer header entirely.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-693 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Evidence
Vulnerability description
Website is accessible.
Evidence
| URL | Method | Summary |
|---|---|---|
| https://www.zscaler.com:443/ | OPTIONS | We did a HTTP OPTIONS request. The server responded with a 405 status code and the header: `Allow: GET, HEAD` Request / Response |
Vulnerability description
We have noticed that the webserver responded with an Allow HTTP header when an OPTIONS HTTP request was sent. This method responds to requests by providing information about the methods available for the target resource.
Risk description
The only risk this might present nowadays is revealing debug HTTP methods that can be used on the server. This can present a danger if any of those methods can lead to sensitive information, like authentication information, secret keys.
Recommendation
We recommend that you check for unused HTTP methods or even better, disable the OPTIONS method. This can be done using your webserver configuration.
Classification
| CWE | CWE-16 |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2017 | |
| OWASP Top 10 - 2021 |
Vulnerability description
We have noticed that the server is missing the security.txt file, which is considered a good practice for web security. It provides a standardized way for security researchers and the public to report security vulnerabilities or concerns by outlining the preferred method of contact and reporting procedures.
Risk description
There is no particular risk in not having a security.txt file for your server. However, this file is important because it offers a designated channel for reporting vulnerabilities and security issues.
Recommendation
We recommend you to implement the security.txt file according to the standard, in order to allow researchers or users report any security issues they find, improving the defensive mechanisms of your server.
Infrastructure Vulnerabilities
Evidence
| Software / Version | Category |
|---|---|
| Cloudflare | CDN |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that server software and technology details are exposed, potentially aiding attackers in tailoring specific exploits against identified systems and versions.
Risk description
The risk is that an attacker could use this information to mount specific attacks against the identified software type and version.
Recommendation
We recommend you to eliminate the information which permits the identification of software platform, technology, server and operating system: HTTP server headers, HTML meta information, etc.
Evidence
| Operating System | Accuracy |
|---|---|
| FreeBSD 11.0-RELEASE | 91% |
Vulnerability description
OS Detection
Evidence
| Software / Version | Category |
|---|---|
| Cloudflare | CDN |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that server software and technology details are exposed, potentially aiding attackers in tailoring specific exploits against identified systems and versions.
Risk description
The risk is that an attacker could use this information to mount specific attacks against the identified software type and version.
Recommendation
We recommend you to eliminate the information which permits the identification of software platform, technology, server and operating system: HTTP server headers, HTML meta information, etc.
Evidence
| Software / Version | Category |
|---|---|
| Cloudflare | CDN |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that server software and technology details are exposed, potentially aiding attackers in tailoring specific exploits against identified systems and versions.
Risk description
The risk is that an attacker could use this information to mount specific attacks against the identified software type and version.
Recommendation
We recommend you to eliminate the information which permits the identification of software platform, technology, server and operating system: HTTP server headers, HTML meta information, etc.
Evidence
| Software / Version | Category |
|---|---|
| Amazon Web Services | PaaS |
| OneTrust | Cookie compliance |
| Marketo | Marketing automation |
| Google Tag Manager | Tag managers |
| 6sense | Marketing automation, Personalisation |
| AdRoll | Advertising, Retargeting |
| reCAPTCHA | Security |
| Netlify | PaaS, CDN |
| Linkedin Ads | Advertising |
| HSTS | Security |
| DigiCert | SSL/TLS certificate authorities |
| Cloudflare | CDN |
| Amazon S3 | CDN |
Vulnerability description
We noticed that server software and technology details are exposed, potentially aiding attackers in tailoring specific exploits against identified systems and versions.
Risk description
The risk is that an attacker could use this information to mount specific attacks against the identified software type and version.
Recommendation
We recommend you to eliminate the information which permits the identification of software platform, technology, server and operating system: HTTP server headers, HTML meta information, etc.
Evidence
| Domain Queried | DNS Record Type | Description | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| www.zscaler.com | A | IPv4 address | 104.18.30.6 |
| www.zscaler.com | A | IPv4 address | 104.18.31.6 |
| www.zscaler.com | AAAA | IPv6 address | 2606:4700::6812:1f06 |
| www.zscaler.com | AAAA | IPv6 address | 2606:4700::6812:1e06 |
| www.zscaler.com | CNAME | Canonical name | zscaler.com.cdn.cloudflare.net |
Risk description
An initial step for an attacker aiming to learn about an organization involves conducting searches on its domain names to uncover DNS records associated with the organization. This strategy aims to amass comprehensive insights into the target domain, enabling the attacker to outline the organization's external digital landscape. This gathered intelligence may subsequently serve as a foundation for launching attacks, including those based on social engineering techniques. DNS records pointing to services or servers that are no longer in use can provide an attacker with an easy entry point into the network.
Recommendation
We recommend reviewing all DNS records associated with the domain and identifying and removing unused or obsolete records.